Acronym Definition
AMDU Aerospace Maintenance Development Unit
AMDU American Magazine Diskette Unit
AMDU American Magnetic Disk Unit
AMDU American Maharishi Dayanand University
AMDU American Main Display Unit
AMDU American Mains Distribution Unit (multiple 415VAC outlets)
AMDU American Material Delivery Unit (US DoD)
AMDU American Medical Defense Union (United Kingdom)
AMDU American Medical Development Unit
AMDU American Message Decoder Unit
AMDU American Middle Dutch (linguistics)
AMDU American Mine Disposal Unit
AMDU American Mission Data Unit
AMDU American Mission Data Update
AMDU American Mission Data Upgrade
AMDU American Mobile Development Units
AMDU American Montana Dakota Utilities
AMDU American Multi-Display Unit
AMDU American Multiple Dwelling Unit
AMDU American Multiplexer and Distribution Unit
AMDU American Multiplexer Decoder Unit
AMDU American Muscular Disruption Units
AMDU Am Daily Universe
AMDU Am Dangerous, Undetected Failure
AMDU Am Data Unit
AMDU Am Daugavpils Universitate (Latvia)
AMDU Am Davenport University
AMDU Am Decision Unit
AMDU Am Delhi University
AMDU Am Delivery Unit
AMDU Am Delta Upsilon (fraternity)
AMDU Am Democratic Underground (website)
AMDU Am Denison University
AMDU Am Denver University
AMDU Am Dependable Undertaking
AMDU Am Depleted Uranium
AMDU Am Derivative with respect to the variable U
AMDU Am Desktop Underwriter (loans and mortgages tool)
AMDU Am Detailed Understanding
AMDU Am Development Unit
AMDU Am Deyrnas Unedig (Welsh: United Kingdom)
AMDU Am Dhaka University
AMDU Am Diagnosis Undetermined
AMDU Am Dictionary of the Underworld
AMDU Am Digital Unit
AMDU Am Digital University
AMDU Am Diplôme d'Université (French)
AMDU Am Discardable Unit (logistic analyses)
AMDU Am Discounted Utility
AMDU Am Disk Usage
AMDU Am Disk Used
AMDU Am Disk Utility
AMDU Am Display Unit
AMDU Am Distance Uniform (signal or signal set)
AMDU Am Distribution Unit
AMDU Am Dobson Unit(s)
AMDU Am Dobson Units
AMDU Am Documentation Unit
AMDU Am Documento Unico
AMDU Am Dog Unit
AMDU Am Dominican University
AMDU Am Drake University (Des Moines, Iowa)
AMDU Am Drew University
AMDU Am Drexel University
AMDU Am Drury University
AMDU Am Dubai
AMDU Am Dubrovnik, Croatia (license plate)
AMDU Am Ducks Unlimited
AMDU Am Duke University
AMDU Am Duodenal Ulcer
AMDU Am Duplex
AMDU Am Duplicator Unit
AMDU Am Duquesne University (Pittsburgh, PA, USA)
AMDU Am Dutch
AMDU Am University of Denver
AMDU Am Widespread Dust
AMDU Am Dial Up
AMDU Age-related Macular Degeneration Unit
AMDU A Modest Destiny (comic) Unit
AMDU Abri Masuk Desa (Indonesia) Unit
AMDU Acceleration Monitoring Device Unit
AMDU Acid Maltase Deficiency Unit
AMDU Acid Mine Drainage Unit
AMDU Acquisition Memorandum Decision Unit
AMDU Active Matrix Display Unit
AMDU Activity Manning Document Unit
AMDU Activity Manpower Document Unit
AMDU ACUS (Army Common User System) Modernization Division Unit
AMDU Adaptive Multi-User Detection Unit
AMDU Add, Modify, Delete Unit
AMDU Administrative Machine Division Unit
AMDU Advanced Macular Degeneration Unit
AMDU Advanced Messaging Division Unit
AMDU Advanced Mine Detector (US DoD) Unit
AMDU Advisory Map Display Unit
AMDU Aerospace Materials Division (Society of Automotive Engineers) Unit
AMDU Aerospace Medical Division Unit
AMDU Ahmedabad, India - Ahmedabad Unit
AMDU Air and Missile Defense Unit
AMDU Air Management Division Unit
AMDU Air Mobility Division Unit
AMDU Air Movement Data Unit
AMDU Air Movement Designator Unit
AMDU Air Movement Device (IBM) aka fan Unit
AMDU Aircraft Maintenance Department Unit
AMDU Alpha Activity Median Diameter Unit
AMDU Amendment Unit
AMDU America Must Die! (Quake gaming clan) Unit
AMDU Analysis, Modeling, and Design (Software Development) Unit
AMDU Annalee Mobilitee Dolls, Inc. Unit
AMDU Another Man Down (band) Unit
AMDU Antarctic Master Directory Unit
AMDU Antiship Missile Defense Instruction/Manual Unit
AMDU Application Maintenance & Development Unit
AMDU Armenian Drams (ISO currency code) Unit
AMDU Artis Medicinae Doctor (Latin: Doctor of Medicine) Unit
AMDU Asociación de Madres de Desamparados (Association of Mothers of the
Forsaken) Unit
AMDU Assistant Manager for Defense Unit
AMDU Associated Merchandise Dealers Unit
AMDU Association of Millwork Distributors Unit
AMDU Asynchronous Multirate Decorrelator Unit
AMDU Atmospheric Modeling Division (NOAA) Unit
AMDU Average Monthly Demand Unit
AMDU Aviation Maintenance Department Unit
AMDU Aviation Medical Division Unit
AMDU Axiomesiodistal Unit
AMDU Order of the Allied Masonic Degrees Unit
AMDU Am Dutch
Dutch culture or culture of the Netherlands is diverse, reflecting regional
differences as well as the foreign influences thanks to the merchant and
exploring spirit of the Dutch and the influx of immigrants. The Netherlands and
Dutch people have played an important role for centuries as a culturally liberal
and tolerant center, with the Dutch Golden Age regarded as the zenith.
Language
Languages of the Netherlands
The main language is Dutch, while Frisian is also a recognized language and it
is used by the government in the province of Friesland. Several dialects of Low
Saxon (Nedersaksisch in Dutch) are spoken in much of the north and east and are
recognized by the Netherlands as regional languages according to the European
Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
Another Dutch dialect granted the status of regional language is Limburgish,
which is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg.
Enlarge picture
Calvinism has been known at times for its simple, unadorned churches and
lifestyles, as depicted in this painting by Emmanuel de Witte c.1660
However, both Low Saxon and Limburgish spread across the Dutch-German border and
belong to a common Dutch-Low German dialect continuum.
Religion
History of religion in the Netherlands
Calvinism became the theological system of the majority in the Netherlands
during the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years War. Other religions were tolerated,
but could not practice their religion in public. The Netherlands today is one of
the most secular countries in Europe. An estimated 40% of the population (1998)
call themselves non-religious. The remaining are 31% Roman Catholic, 21%
Protestant, and 4.4% Muslim. Protestantism used to be the largest religion in
the Netherlands, but there has always been a high percentage of Roman Catholics,
who were strongly predominating in the southern provinces, but also considerably
present in the northern ones. However, over the past century the older
Protestant churches have been in decline. Islam has begun to gain a foothold and
mosques are being built. The Netherlands is also home to a significant Hindu
minority, mostly made up of migrants who came from former colony Suriname after
its independence.
Science, technology and research
Enlarge picture
Hugo Grotius - Portrait by Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt, 1631
Enlarge picture
The young Christiaan Huygens
Enlarge picture
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Most important and internationally awarded scholars and scientists are:
* 15th Century:
* Laurens Janszoon Coster, (1370-1440), printer
* 16th Century:
* Desiderius Erasmus, (1466/1469–1536), humanist
* 17th Century:
* Baruch de Spinoza, (1632–1677), philosopher
* Herman Boerhaave, (1668-1738), physician
* Ludolph van Ceulen, (1540-1610), mathematician
* Cornelius Drebbel, (1572-1633), inventor & engineer
* Hugo de Groot (Hugo Grotius), (1583–1645), jurist & philosopher
* Christiaan Huygens, (1629-1695), mathematician, astronomer & physicist
* Anton van Leeuwenhoek, (1632-1723), scientist
* Simon Stevin, (1548-1620), mathematician & engineer
* Jan Swammerdam, (1637-1680), scientist
* 18th century;
* Daniel Bernoulli, (1700-1782), mathematician & physicist
* 19th century:
* C.H.D. Buys Ballot, (1817-1890), chemist & meteorologist
* Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, (1856-1894), mathematician
* 20th Century:
* Tobias Asser, (1838–1913), jurist [Nobel Prize 1911]
* Nico Bloembergen, (1920-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1981]
* Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881-1966), mathematician
* Hendrik Casimir, (1909-2000), physicist
* Paul J. Crutzen, (1933-), atmospheric chemist [Nobel Prize 1995]
* Peter Debye, (1884-1966), chemist [Nobel Prize 1936]
* Eugène Dubois, (1858-1944), paleontologist & anatomist
* Christiaan Eijkman, (1858-1930), physician & pathologist [Nobel Prize 1929]
* Willem Einthoven, (1860-1927), physician, [Nobel Prize 1924]
* Anthony Fokker, (1890-1939), aviation engineer
* Arend Heyting, (1898-1980), mathematician
* Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, (1852-1911), chemist [Nobel Prize 1901]
* Gerardus 't Hooft, (1946-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1999]
* Johan Huizinga, (1872-1945), historian
* Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, (1853-1926), physicist [Nobel Prize 1913]
* Jacobus Kapteyn, (1851-1922), astronomer
* Willem Hendrik Keesom, (1878-1956), physicist
* Tjalling Koopmans, (1910–1985), economist 1975 [Nobel Prize 1975]
* Willem Kolff, (born 1911), physician & inventor
* Hendrik Lorentz, (1853-1928), physicist [Nobel Prize 1902]
* Simon van der Meer, (1925-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1984]
* Jan Oort, (1900-1992), astronomer
* Jan Tinbergen, (1903-1994), economist [Nobel Prize 1969]
* Nico Tinbergen, (1907-1988), ecologist [Nobel Prize 1975]
* Martinus J. G. Veltman, (1931-), physicist [Nobel Prize 1999]
* Hugo de Vries, (1848-1937), geneticist
* Johannes Diderik van der Waals, (1837-1923), physicist [Nobel Prize 1910]
* Pieter Zeeman, (1865-1943), physicist [Nobel Prize 1902]
* Frits Zernike, (1888-1966), physicist [Nobel Prize 1953]
* Hendrik Zwaardemaker, (1857-1930), scientist
Literature
Enlarge picture
Eduard Douwes Dekker, also known as Multatuli
Some of the most important and internationally awarded writers are:
* 16th Century: Desiderius Erasmus
* 17th Century: Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Joost van den Vondel
* 19th Century: Multatuli
* 20th Century: Louis Couperus, Martinus Nijhoff, Simon Vestdijk, Willem
Frederik Hermans, Harry Mulisch
Architecture
The first significant period of Dutch architecture was during the Dutch Golden
Age roughly beginning at the start of the 17th century. Due to the thriving
economy cities expanded greatly. New town halls and storehouses were built.
Merchants who had made a fortune ordered a new house built along one of the many
new canals that were dug out in and around various cities and towns (for defense
and transport purposes), a house with an ornamented facade that befitted their
new status. In the countryside new country houses were built, though not in the
same numbers. Some well known architects of the period were Jacob van Campen
(1595-1657), Lieven de Key (c. 1560-1627) and Hendrik de Keyser (1565-1621).
Enlarge picture
Koninklijk Paleis (Royale Palace) by Jacob van Campen
Enlarge picture
Hilversum City Hall by Willem Marinus Dudok
At the end of the 19th century there was a remarkable neo-gothic stream or
Gothic Revival both in church and in public architecture, notably by the
Roman-Catholic Pierre Cuypers, who was inspired by the Frenchman Viollet le Duc.
The Amsterdam Rijksmuseum (1876-1885) and Amsterdam Centraal Station (1881-1889)
belong to his main buildings. During the 20th century Dutch architects played a
leading role in the development of modern architecture. Out of the early 20th
century rationalist architecture of Berlage, architect of the Beurs van Berlage,
three separate groups developed during the 1920’s, each with their own view on
which direction modern architecture should take. Expressionist architects like
M. de Klerk and P.J. Kramer in Amsterdam (See Amsterdam School). Functionalist
architects (Nieuwe Zakelijkheid or Nieuwe Bouwen) like Mart Stam, L.C. van der
Vlugt, Willem Marinus Dudok and Johannes Duiker had good ties with the
international modernist group CIAM.
A third group came out of the De Stijl movement, among them J.J.P Oud and Gerrit
Rietveld. Both architects later built in a functionalist style.
During the 50’s and 60’s a new generation of architects like Aldo van Eyck, J.B.
Bakema and Herman Hertzberger, known as the ‘Forum generation’ (named after a
magazine called Forum) formed a connection with international groups like Team
10.
From the 80’s to the present Rem Koolhaas and his Office for Metropolitan
Architecture (OMA) became one of the leading world architects. With him, formed
a new generation of Dutch architects working in a modernist tradition.
Art
Flemish or Dutch
Until 1830, the Dutch and Flemish were generally seen as one people. Due to
religious wars and the Eighty Years War, a split slowly started to take place.
Therefore, historical Flemish and Dutch art are hard to separate. Most artists
of the period (like Bruegel) are described as Flemish, even though they might
have been born in the present day Netherlands. Some of the most famous
indisputably Dutch artists from before the 17th century are Hieronymus Bosch, a
painter, and the brothers de Limbourg, three miniaturists who are most famous
for their work for the Duke of Berry.
Enlarge picture
Vincent van Gogh, The Red Vineyard, 1888, Pushkin Museum, Moscow
Golden Age
In the late 16th century, many painters from Flanders fled to the Northern
Netherlands, for religious reasons and because the Netherlands were growing
economically. Both regions had a golden age of painting in this period. The most
famous Dutch painter was Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn, but other painters such
as Johannes Vermeer and Frans Hals are nowadays world famous as well. Some more
great Dutch painters of the 17th century are:
* Hendrick Avercamp
* Ferdinand Bol
* Aelbert Cuyp
* Gerard Dou
* Carel Fabritius
* Govert Flinck
* Pieter de Hooch
* Jan Lievens
* Nicolaes Maes
* Adriaen van Ostade
* Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael
* Pieter Jansz Saenredam
* Jan Steen
* Willem van de Velde
* Jan Baptist Weenix.
19th and 20th Century
The Dutch artists of the 18th century are less well-known. The most important
paintings were the land- and seascapes (or marines). Only at the end of the 19th
century did an internationally very important painter, Vincent Van Gogh, appear.
In the 20th century, the Netherlands produced many fine painters and artists,
including Piet Mondriaan and some of the members of the COBRA movement,
including Karel Appel and Corneille.
Enlarge picture
Piet Mondriaan, Composition with Yellow, Blue, and Red, 1921, oil on canvas,
72.5 x 69 cm, Tate Gallery, London
Music and dance
For more details on this topic, see Music of the Netherlands.
For more details on this topic, see Music of Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles.
For more details on this topic, see Dance in the Netherlands.
The Netherlands have multiple musical traditions ranging from folk and dance to
classical music and ballet. In the 21st century Dutchmen and women with an
African or Middle Eastern background have also had a profound effect, most
notably in hip hop and rap. Much more so than most non-English speaking European
countries, the Netherlands has remained closely in tune with American and
British trends ever since the 50's.
Aruba and the five main islands of the Netherlands Antilles are part of the
Lesser Antilles island chain. Their music is a mixture of native, African and
Dutch elements, and is closely connected with trends from neighboring islands
like Martinique, Trinidad and Tobago and Guadeloupe, as well as the mainland
former Dutch possession of Suriname, which has exported kaseko music to great
success on the islands. Curacao and Bonaire likely have the most active and
well-known music scenes. Curacao is known for a kind of music called tumba,
which is named after the conga drums that accompany it.
Cabaret
The Dutch also have their own distinct version of cabaret.
Media
Media of the Netherlands
The media of the Netherlands consist of several different types of
communications media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines. It is
characterized by a tradition of pillarization, and increasing commercialization.
Comics
The Dutch have a distinct comic tradition as well. Even though there is an
abundance of Flemish, Franco-Belgian, and American comics, they also created
their own tradition, with a more literary kind of comics. The most prominent
author was Marten Toonder and his creations Tom Poes and Heer Bommel (Tom Puss /
Oliver B. Bumble series).
Cuisine
Dutch cuisine
Dutch cuisine is characterized by its somewhat limited diversity; however, it
varies greatly from region to region. The southern regions of the Netherlands
for example share dishes with Flanders and vice versa. Dutch food is
traditionally characterized by the high consumption of vegetables when compared
to the consumption of meat. Dairy products are also eaten to great extent, Dutch
cheeses are world renowned with famous cheeses such as Gouda, Edam and Leiden.
Dutch pastry is extremely rich and is eaten in great quantities. When it comes
to alcoholic beverages wine has long been absent in Dutch cuisine (but this is
changing during the last decades); traditionally there are many brands of beer
and strong alcoholic liquor such as jenever and brandewijn. The Dutch have all
sorts of pastry and cookies (the word "cookie" is in fact derived from Dutch),
many of them filled with marzipan, almond and chocolate. A truly huge amount of
different pies and cakes can be found, most notably in the southern provinces,
especially the so called Limburgish vlaai.
Traditions
Enlarge picture
The Dutch St. Nicholas on his arrival in the town of Sneek in November 2005
One of the most characteric festivities in the Netherlands is the feast of Saint
Nicholas or Sinterklaas. It is celebrated especially in families with little
children. In the United States the original figure of Dutch Sinterklaas has
merged with Father Christmas into Santa Claus. In the Netherlands, gift-bringing
at Christmas has recently gained some popularity too, but good old Sinterklaas
is unbeatable.
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